аЯрЁБс>ўџ MOўџџџNџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџшŸ=щ(€рр€ ђ/Ш 0веLЗDTimes New Roman ЖbˆЖbч0 Жbz[ 0˜ЖbhЄ€@џџЅ .Љ  @Ѓnџ§?" dd@џџяџџџџџџ  @@``€€ №№ш№D$      ƒ №0ƒ†AПРХAџ@ёї№ѓ€аwГе0Ъš;.Р9Ъš;њgў§42d2dИЖbz[ 0.џџџџџџbpћppћ@ <§4!d!dфЖbп 0 Иb3šb<§4ddddфЖbп 0 Иb3šbџ ˆ8Š0К___PPT10‹ pЕpЕ?й к %№”9ѓŸ КThe Effects of Children on their Parents Propensity to Get Separated in Contemporary FranceЁ^^$Њ   ŸЈ[Jean-Franчois Mignot Family Dynamics in a Comparative Perspective June 22nd, 2006, FlorenceЁ2\-ЊPѓŸЈFive questionsЁ$Њ Ÿ тDo parents divorce less often if they have more children  and why? Is parents risk of divorce affected by the fact that these children are biological children, rather than adopted or stepchildren  and if so, for what reason? Do parents divorce more often if they made their first child before, rather than after, getting married  and why? Is parents risk of divorce affected by the fact that they have twins, triples, etc. rather than spaced children  and if so, why? Is parents risk of divorce affected by the fact that they have only boys, or only girls, rather than at least one child of each sex  and if so, why? ЁrZrЊє           ѓŸЈHow to answer these questions?Ё$Њ, Ÿ Statistical analysis of the fate of 150,977 couples formed since the 1950s, based on France s 1999 Family Survey. I perform logistic regression models to determine which factors vary with the odds of separation of couples (married or not) after 10 years of cohabitation,  all other things equal . I use rational-choice theory to unveil the causal mechanisms which can explain the observed patterns.ЁrJ "IЊˆ         ѓŸ t1/ Number of children and couples propensity to separateЁ;;$Њb ŸЈŽStatistical result: in France since the 1950s, couples break down all the more often since they have fewer children (adopted children or stepchildren included). Rational-choice explanation: the more children a father has, the more (financial, time, and emotional) investments he would lose by being denied custody after separation, the more he is deterred from (initating or accepting) separation.ЁЊа           ѓŸ p2/ Type of children and couples propensity to separateЁ99$ЊP  ŸЈWStatistical result: in France since the 1950s, couples break down more often if their children are stepchildren rather than biological children, and if they are biological rather than adopted children. Rational-choice explanation: partners invest most in adopted children (because adoption requires much time and energy, and some money) and least in stepchildren (because one of the partners is not his/her parent), so that the partner who would not get custody after separation is more deterred from separating if he/she adopted a child rather than made it, or made it rather than had a stepchild.ЁXZXЊ’             ѓŸ z3/ Premarital conception and couples propensity to separateЁ>>$ЊP   Ÿ jStatistical result: in France since the 1950s, couples break down more often if they had a premarital conception. Rational-choice explanation: a premarital conception reveals that the marriage was precipitate ( shotgun marriage ), which creates suboptimal matches and disproportionately leads to separation. Ё.6г`"Њд           ѓ Ÿ n4/ Multiple births and couples propensity to separateЁ88$ЊP  ŸЈ_Statistical result: in France since the 1950s, couples break down more often if they had one or more multiple births. Rational-choice explanation: multiple births, an unforeseen event, creates a higher-than-expected level of financial stress and domestic work, which disproportionately leads to tensions between the partners, and thus to separation.Ё``Њ          ѓ Ÿ Œ5/ The sex composition of children and couples propensity to separateЁGG$Њt ŸЈтStatistical result (1): in France since the 1950s, average couples break down more often if they have only boys or only girls rather than at least one child of each sex. Statistical result (2): in France since the 1950s, couples from Maghreb and Asia break down more often if they have no boy rather than one or more. Rational-choice explanations for the preference for mixed-sex parities in contemporary Western societies, and for the preference for boys in patrilineal societies? ЁууЊО               ѓ ŸЈ ConclusionЁ $Ÿ The main empirical results concerning the effects of children on their parents propensity to separate in contemporary France tend to support the rational-choice predictions and explanations. 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